Great Image: Dark Barchan Dunes on Mars

Some were curious about "canals" on Mars many years back, but what would early astronomers made of the image here?  Military fortifications? Large land crabs?  Something else?  Well, here is Malin Space Science Systems' version of the story:  

This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows north polar sand dunes in the summertime. During winter and early spring, north polar dunes are covered with bright frost. When the frost sublimes away, the dunes appear darker than their surroundings. To a geologist, sand has a very specific meaning. A sand grain is defined independently of its composition; it is a particle with a size between 62.5 and 2000 microns. Two thousand microns equals 2 millimeters. The dunes are dark because they are composed of sand grains made of dark minerals and/or rock fragments. Usually, dark grains indicate the presence of unoxidized iron, for example, the dark volcanic rocks of Hawaii, Iceland, and elsewhere. This dune field is located near 71.7°N, 51.3°W. Dune slip faces indicate winds that blow from the upper left toward lower right. This picture covers an area approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) across and is illuminated by sunlight from the lower left.

 Image Credit:  NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems

SpaceX Delays Returns to the Space Station

After a delay earlier this month, SpaceX was scheduled to its third resupply mission to the International Space Station (ISS) on March 30th.  However, the mission, SpaceX-3 (pictured here), has been delayed again due to an electrical short in the tracking radar. According to the U.S. Air Force:

A mandatory range asset supporting the NROL-67 launch went offline, March 24, 2014. An investigation revealed a tracking radar experienced an electrical short, overheating the unit and rendering it inoperable. The outage resulted in an inability to meet minimum public safety requirements needed for flight, so the launch was postponed.

Initial assessment indicates repair of the tracking radar will take approximately three weeks. The Air Force is evaluating the feasibility of returning an inactive radar to full mission capability to resume operations sooner. The launch schedule impact is to be determined, pending resolution of the anomaly. Early indications are all launches scheduled for FY14 will be supported. More information will be provided as it becomes available.

The launch, originally schedule for March 16, will provide the ISS with a variety of needed items while also delivering and removing scientific cargo.  According to SpaceX, the Dragon cargo includes:

 ...about 4,600 pounds of supplies and payloads, including critical materials to support more than150 investigations that will occur during Expeditions 39 and 40. Dragon will carry four powered cargo payloads in its pressurized section and two in its unpressurized trunk, a first for SpaceX. Dragon will return with about 3,600 pounds of cargo, which includes crew supplies, hardware and computer resources, science experiments, biotechnology,and space station hardware.

 Science payloads include the Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS), which will test the use of laser optics to transfer information to Earth from space; the Vegetable Production System (VEGGIE), a unit capable of producing salad-type vegetables in space; and the T-Cell Activation in Aging experiment that seeks the cause of a depression in the human immune system while astronauts are in microgravity. In addition, the High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) investigation includes four high-definition cameras to be placed on the space station’s exterior for use in streaming live video of Earth for online viewing.

Go here for the completed press kit from SpaceX.  You can also stay up to date on the mission via NASA's SpaceX Blog. 

An Expensive Miss on a Russian Rocket

Given that we are now paying the Russians about $71 million per seat to get an astronaut to the International Space Station (ISS), maybe they felt a longer ride would give us more for our money.  That seems to be the case since the most recent Russian Soyuz space capture missed its connection with the ISS and the American and Russian passengers will have to wait another 36 hours before trying again.  The good news is that they are used to this longer trip, with the shorter 6 hour trip being a pretty new development since last year.

NASA's Steve Swanson and Russians Alexander Skvortsov and Oleg Artemyev are fine and everything should continue without a hitch.  The problem seems to be a software glitch that prevented a 24-second engine burn to align the capsule with the ISS.

We are lucky we still have the Russians to get passengers to the ISS until we can bring in our private sector partners.  SpaceX has another ISS resupply mission this weekend, so things are on track for the U.S. to be back in the space station transportation business.

Update:  The new ISS crew is safe and sound after a longer than expected delay.  NASA reported:

The new trio docked Thursday to the Poisk docking compartment at 7:53 p.m. EDT and opened the hatches less than two hours later to greet Commander Koichi Wakata and Flight Engineers Rick Mastracchio and Mikhail Tyurin. The sextet then gathered inside the Zvezda service module for a welcoming ceremony with words of congratulations from family members and mission officials.

33rd International Space Development Conference

If you want to learn more about the "colonization, development, and capitalization of space," the National Space Society (NSS) has a conference for you on May 14-18 in Los Angeles.  The NSS's 33rd International Space Development Conference will be held at the Sheraton Gateway Hotel.

The NSS invites members of the general public, space activists, scientists, engineers, educators, astronauts, aerospace industry leaders, and government officials to explore humanity's future in space. The conference will feature a number of speakers sharing their ideas about future space missions, including Space X CEO Elon Musk, Apollo 11 Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, Orbital Sciences VP Mike Pinkston, members of the Mercury MESSENGER Team, and many others. 

The conference will also have a Space Settlement Design Contest,which is an annual contest co-sponsored by the NSS and the NASA Ames Research Center.  Any student (up to age 18) from anywhere in the world can participate. Interested parties need to submit a paper relating to orbital settlements, with the contest rules stating "Settlements may not be on a planet or moon...Settlements must be permanent, relatively self-sufficient homes, not temporary work camps."

The contest is serious work.  A six member team from Cypress Bay High School Weston, Florida, won the context in 2013 with their 126 page paper Maui.  According to the winning paper's executive summary, 

...Maui tells a story, the story of how extraterrestrial colonies may grow and develop from ramshackle frontier towns to bustling cities. Maui is the narrative of mankind’s first permanent settlement in the Saturn system, orbiting the moon Titan.

Prior conferences and speaker presentations can be found here.  Past student contest winners back to 1994 can be found here.

Image Credit and more photo information:  http://space.mike-combs.com/gallery.htm

How About Russia and Mars?

The International Space Station may still be seen as successful U.S.-Russian cooperation, what about a future Mars mission?  Dr. Robert Zubrin, President of The Mars Society, had some grim words about Russia prior to the invasion of Ukraine in Fall 2013 edition of The Mars Quarterly.  In his article, he discusses some dark comments by Putin advisor Alexander Dugin:

"Liberalism,” says Dugin, meaning the whole western consensus, “is an absolute evil....Only a global crusade against the U.S., the West, globalization and their political-ideological expression, liberalism, is capable of becoming an adequate response...The American empire should be destroyed.”

Notheless, Dr. Zubrin still believed in a joint U.S.-Russian mission to Mars, noting, "Dr. Carl Sagan proposed a similar concept to help counteract U.S.-Soviet tensions in the 1980s. It was a good idea then, but critically necessary one now"

I am not sure if the recent events in Ukraine may have changed the mind of Dr. Zubrin, but I think we need to be very careful here.  The International Space Station already hands in the balance.  Do we want more of our NASA dollars dependent on a fickle and growingly reckless Russia?  My tendency is to say no for now.

Let's put any joint Mars mission on the shelf until we know we are able to work together with Russia on this planet.

Will Ukranian Issues Impact the US-Russian Cooperation in Space?

The recent invasion of the Crimean peninsula by Russian forces does not bode well for future cooperation between the United States and Russia, and yet the International Space Station (ISS) depends on such cooperation. In fact, until the U.S. commercial sector can regularly resupply the ISS, NASA is completely dependent on the Russians to move people and cargo to and from the station.  Russia has also contributed multiple modules to the ISS, such as the Zvezda Service Module (pictured above) containing living quarters for the crew, as well as extra Soyuz crew vehicle permanently docked to the ISS in case of emergencies. 

Earlier this month, Spaceflight Now highlighted NASA Administrator Charles Bolden's statement on the issue:

"I think people lose track of the fact that we have occupied the International Space Station now for 13 consecutive years uninterrupted, and that has been through multiple international crises," he said. "I don't think it's an insignificant fact that we are starting to see a number of people with the idea that the International Space Station be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. It's not trivial."

Hopefully, the ISS can stay above the political fray, but given our restrictions on scientific cooperation with the Chinese, the Congress has shown it will put politics ahead of science.  These are the risks of such cooperation, as we saw with the Sochi Olympics as well.  When friendships fray, much hangs in the balance.

NASA's FY 2015 Budget Request: Good Ideas with Limited Resources

The White House released its budget request for NASA earlier in the week.  The good news is that NASA has a lot of good projects on the drawing board.  The bad news is that this country does not have the money or will power to adequately fund future space projects.  The White House asked for $17.5 billion for NASA in FY 2015, a drop from $17.6.  And while this does not sound like much, it is a much larger cut if you assume any level of inflation since the space agency again has to do more (or at least the same work) with less money. 

But let's look at the proposed projects listed in NASA's budget:

•  Supports the 2018 launch of the James Webb Space Telescope;
•  Continues formulation and development of Mars Rover 2020 and MOMA/ExoMars missions to Mars;
• Continues development of the robotic OSIRIS-REx mission to retrieve and return samples from an asteroid;
• Continues pre-formulation work for a potential mission to Jupiter’s moon, Europa. 
• Extends operation of the International Space Station (ISS) to at least 2024, and sustains delivery of cargo to the ISSwith U.S. developed, commercially procured space transportation elements;
• Maintains development of Space Launch System/Orion on track to send astronauts on deep space exploration missions; and
• Funds 7 launches over 24 months: Deep Space Atomic Clock (precise navigation); Green Propellant (higher-performing alternative to toxic hydrazine); Sunjammer Solar Sail (propellant-free propulsion); and four small spacecraft demos.

NASA also made a video explaining this budget, which is an interesting approach to the dry workings of budget policy. 

This is a promising list of projects.  Exploration of Europa is exciting, and one can argue that a lot of this work can still contribute to a manned space mission to Mars at some point in the future.  In fact, the budget PowerPoint notes that this budget "Aligns NASA’s activities to send humans to an asteroid by 2025 and Mars in the 2030s."

NASA's Administrator Charles Bolden expanded on this in his press release, stating:

In the coming year, we'll build on our nation's record of breathtaking and compelling scientific discoveries and achievements in space, with science missions that will reach far into our solar system, reveal unknown aspects of our universe and provide critical knowledge about our home planet.  It includes funding for missions to Mars and the formulation for a mission to Jupiter's moon, Europa. It also funds science missions already heading toward destinations such as Jupiter and Pluto and operating throughout the solar system, a mission to study our planet's magnetic system, and steady progress on the James Webb Space Telescope.

Could NASA use more funds for more extensive exploration?  Absolutely, but that is not in the cards with this Congress and in this economy.  And combined projects with other nations, such as China and now Russia, may be difficult to establish given the political situation.  That said, maybe now is a time to out-Putin Putin with a bold new mission in space?  This budget came too late for such vision, but I am hopeful. 

Bottom Image Credit:  The Washington Post.

More Earth-Like Planets Located

If you are looking for a little bit of bedtime reading, you could do worse than this 138 page paper from NASA titled "Validation of Kepler’s Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems."  Released on February 25th, the paper highlights the expoplanets found to date as well as a few new ones:

The Kepler mission has discovered over 2500 exoplanet candidates in the first two years of spacecraft data, with approximately 40% of them in candidate multi-planet systems. The high rate of multiplicity combined with the low rate of identified false-positives indicates that the multiplanet systems contain very few false-positive signals due to other systems not gravitationally bound to the target star (Lissauer, J. J., et al., 2012, ApJ 750, 131). False positives in the multi-planet systems are identified and removed, leaving behind a residual population of candidate multi-planet transiting systems expected to have a false-positive rate less than 1%. We present a sample of 340 planetary systems that contain 851 planets that are validated to substantially better than the 99% confidence level; the vast majority of these have not been previously verified as planets.

Among these 851 planets, the ones of particular interest are the "...768 planets across 306 systems being newly validated."  That is a nice collection of new new planets. 

For some reason, in its press release, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced 715 new planets around 305 star systems. But why quibble?  But here is the important part:

Four of these new planets are less than 2.5 times the size of Earth and orbit in their sun's habitable zone, defined as the range of distance from a star where the surface temperature of an orbiting planet may be suitable for life-giving liquid water.  One of these new habitable zone planets, called Kepler-296f, orbits a star half the size and 5 percent as bright as our sun. Kepler-296f is twice the size of Earth, but scientists do not know whether the planet is a gaseous world, with a thick hydrogen-helium envelope, or it is a water world surrounded by a deep ocean.

I expect that more research on all the data acquired in the earlier Kepler mission will continue to bring forward new findings.  And, as noted earlier, Kepler may still have some life left for new missions.  

Image Credit:  NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC-Caltech)

Great Image: Milky Way with Ariane Rocket Launch

You cannot do much better than this fantastic view of the Milky Way, meteor streak, and Ariane rocket plume.  The image is from NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day.  Here is the accompanying story from the website:

Can the night sky appear both serene and surreal? Perhaps classifiable as serene in the above panoramic image taken last Friday are the faint lights of small towns glowing across a dark foreground landscape of Doi Inthanon National Park in Thailand, as well as the numerous stars glowing across a dark background starscape. Also visible are the planet Venus and a band of zodiacal light on the image left. Unusual events are also captured, however. First, the central band of our Milky Way Galaxy, while usually a common sight, appears here to hover surreally above the ground. Next, a fortuitous streak of a meteor was captured on the image right. Perhaps the most unusual component is the bright spot just to the left of the meteor. That spot is the plume of a rising Ariane 5 rocket, launched a few minutes before from Kourou, French Guiana. How lucky was the astrophotographer to capture the rocket launch in his image? Pretty lucky -- the image was not timed to capture the rocket. Also lucky was how photogenic -- and perhaps surreal -- the rest of the sky turned out to be.

Image Credit and Copyright: Matipon Tangmatitham

17th International Mars Society Convention

If you are looking for more information on Mars, from past rover programs to ideas for future settlements, you may want to attend the 17th International Mars Society Convention at the South Shore Harbour Resort in League City, Texas from August 7-10, 2014.  

Last year's conference covered a number of interesting topics, including:

-- Latest Findings from the Mars Probes
-- Plans for Human Mars Missions
-- Martian agriculture/aquaculture and greenhouse/greenhab technology
-- Terraforming - Creating an Ecology for Mars
-- The One Way Mission to Mars
-- Asteroid Missions: A Bridge to Mars?

For example, Bas Lansdorp, the co-founder and CEO of Mars One, discussed his idea of organizing a mission to Mars.  If you want to view this presentation and others, you can view them at the Mars Society's page on YouTube.  And if you want to learn more about the projects of the Mars Society, I recommend you visit their website as well as view their past quarterly reports. 

Russian Olympics: A New Potemkin Village

Speaking of the Olympics, it is clear the Sochi games ending this weekend were basically a $50 billion modernized Potemkin village.  Not only does Putin's Russia have some pretty horrible internal problems, as well as a few problems on its border (be it Georgia or Ukraine), but the "village" itself is plagued with corruption and construction issues.  I believe Russia would have been much better off investing that money in its future, including education, science, and needed infrastructure.

The New Yorker magazine had a good article titled the "Sochi Effect," calling this Winter Olympics the "greatest financial boondoggle in the history of the Games."  The article goes on to state:

But an economic boost based on corrupt spending is an illusion, the equivalent of a sugar high... in a pathbreaking study nearly twenty years ago, [IMF economist] Mauro found that countries with high levels of corruption spent little on education. In economist-speak, corrupt politicians put too much money into physical capital and not enough into human capital. Crony construction capitalism leaves us with too few teachers and too many ski jumps to nowhere.

Sadly, the Olympics have become window-dressing for bad actors, be it Russia, China, or even Greece (which spent plenty of money it clearly did not have).  How much better would it have been if Russia took care of things at home and spent some of these funds on longer-term projects, such as a space program that does more than shuttle cosmonauts to the International Space Station?  Yes, many countries have wasted their treasure on such white elephants, but I look forward to the day the human race has greater designs for the future than winning a medal n figure skating. 

Extra Special Medals in Sochi

Last Saturday marked the one-year anniversary of the Chelyabinsk meteor hitting Russia, the largest such strike since 1908 in another part of Russia (yes, one lucky country).  To commemorate the event, the Russians provided special gold medals to athletes at the Sochi Olympics with pieces of the meteorite integrated into the design (pictured above).  

And to further commemorate the event, another meteor was streaming towards the Earth today just in case we were not paying attention to the medals.  This meteor is the size of three football fields and should miss us by about 2 million miles.  As you may recall, we were watching another close flyby when the Chelyabinsk meteor came out of nowhere.  I imagine a number of Russians are looking skyward now. 

A New Cosmos is Coming, But Not on PBS

Like millions of people, I am a fan of Carl Sagan's Cosmos series from 1980.  The program, Cosmos: A Personal Journey, brought a fascinating and understandable form of astronomy into America's living rooms.  The program was viewed by more than 750 million people and won both Emmy and Peabody awards. 

Dr. Sagan put the universe, and our place in it, into a context that continues to fascinate today, particularly the cosmic calendar.  The calendar demonstrated that, if all time was condensed to a year, we humans would have first appeared on December 31st during the remaining 8 minutes of the year, with our written history appearing in the last 13 seconds. Certainly a mind-blowing way to show our place in time.

So is it time for an updated version of Cosmos?  It seems the Fox network and the National Geographic Channel feels it is and it has brought in Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist, to renew the role of Dr. Sagan.  The new program, to be broadcast next month, is called Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey. You can view a trailer for the show here.

It is a wise choice in terms of a popular scientist who can make the complex fun.  However, I am more comfortable with PBS, the creator of NOVA and Frontline, taking the helm than Fox, the creator of the Simpsons and Fox News.  In fact, Fox is bringing in the animation skills of Seth MacFarlane, creator of Family Guy.  Does this mean a talking dog will explain the process of searching for exoplanets?  I hope not.

The original Cosmos is one of those television jewels that most likely will never be duplicated, but time moves on (yes, that last second of the year) and new stories need to told.  Let's hope Dr. Tyson can create a whole new generation of fans staring at the stars for answers. 

Update:  The new Cosmos series premieres on Fox and the National Geographic Channel on March 9th.

Jade Rabbit: “Hi, anybody there?”

Reports of the little guy's death were premature.  China's Moon rover, the Jade Rabbit, is showing signs of life again.  On Thursday, the little craft communicated with the Chinese space agency. 

London's The Guardian reported 

Concerns were raised that the vehicle would not survive the bitter cold of the lunar night. An unverified Weibo user “Jade Rabbit Lunar Rover”, which has posted first-person accounts in the voice of the probe, made its first update since January, when it had declared: “Goodnight, Earth. Goodnight, humans.”

“Hi, anybody there?” it said on Thursday, prompting thousands of comments within minutes.

The question now is whether it can continue with its original science mission or will need a more truncated set of tasks due to the mechanical issues. 

More on Kepler from the 2013 Kepler Science Conference II

After discussing Kepler in my recent post, I wanted to learn more about the status of the Kepler mission.  You can find numerous papers from the November 2013 Kepler Science Conference II held at the NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, California.  At this link you can view the agenda and get further links to papers and videos. 

One topic that was covered was the future of the Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009.  While its primary mission may be over (though much data analysis remains), NASA believes it can still do some science with the damaged craft.  One of the slides from the Kepler Deputy Project Manger Charlie Sobek's presentation is shown below. 

The issue is finding a way to stabilize the orbit of the Kepler spacecraft with its two remaining wheels while also staying away from the "annoying" shine of the sun.  This next phase is called "K2."  The theory is that NASA can stabilize the spacecraft 4 days at a time before firing the thrusters so it continue with its science.  Luckily, most of this can still be done within budget since new funds are tight. 

NASA has been very creative in its efforts to salvage past missions, so hopefully Kepler can still do some great work in the years to come.

New Impact Crater on Mars

Earlier this week NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory reported on a new impact crater on Mars.  The crater was spotted last November using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera.  The impact happened sometime between July 2010 and May 2012.

About 100 feet in diameter, the crater produced a beautiful spread of colors, including an odd powder blue that you would not associate with Mars.  In the accompanying text, JPL explains "Because the terrain where the crater formed is dusty, the fresh crater appears blue in the enhanced color of the image, due to removal of the reddish dust in that area." 

China: Problems on the Moon

After a successful landing on the moon last December, the Chinese rover Yutu ("Jade Rabbit') has experienced some "mechanical control abnormalities" during a routine power-down, according to ReutersNews. The little rover and the Chang'e 3 probe that took it to the moon's surface is a significant accomplishment for the Chinese nation, though this latest difficulty could certainly threaten the scientific benefits of the mission. 

Just prior to the rover problems, the Chinese Academy ofSpace Technology was inventorying the scientific successes thus far (as noted in the news story in English.news.cn):

The probe radar has surveyed the moon's surface and collected two sets of data about the structure of lunar soil beneath the surface within 140 meters and 10 meters respectively, the statement said.

 The panoramic camera and infrared spectrograph have sent back clear images of the moon's surface and data collected by a particle X-ray device has helped scientists identify 11 types of chemical elements such as magnesium, aluminum, calcium and yttrium on the moon, it added.

 Data collected from observations of the plasmasphere over the Earth will provide more information about the impact of solar activities to the Earth, according to the statement.

Another story from English.news.cn was quick to point out that such lunar failures were not unprecedented: 

 Lunar probe mission failure is not rare. In April 1962, the U.S. lunar probe Ranger 4 crashed into the dark side of the Moon after equipment failure prevented it from returning pictures and scientific data. 

Japan launched a lunar probe in 1990, which soon moved off course. It failed to transmit any data and crashed into the Moon in 1993.

India managed to send a lunar probe into space in 2008, but an equipment in the main craft malfunctioned several months later, leading to the loss of contact with the unmanned spacecraft.

Of course one can also read about these problems and quickly note that China has only progressed to where the United States was 52 years ago, but I don't think that was the story's intent.  Nonetheless, for the same of science, let's hope the little rabbit is bouncing around again real soon.

Great Image: Colliding Spiral Galaxies

The image above is from NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day website and represents the combination of galaxies, a process that will continue for billions of years.  Our own Milky Way galaxy has abosorbed other galaxies in the past and is expected to have more collisions in the future.  Here is the story for the image above:

Billions of years from now, only one of these two galaxies will remain. Until then, spiral galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163 will slowly pull each other apart, creating tides of matter, sheets of shocked gas, lanes of dark dust, bursts of star formation, and streams of cast-away stars. Astronomers predict that NGC 2207, the larger galaxy on the left, will eventually incorporate IC 2163, the smaller galaxy on the right. In the most recent encounter that about peaked 40 million years ago, the smaller galaxy is swinging around counter-clockwise, and is now slightly behind the larger galaxy. The space between stars is so vast that when galaxies collide, the stars in them usually do not collide.

Image Credit: Debra Meloy Elmegreen (Vassar College) et al., and the Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA)

Opportunity Rover: A Cry for Attention?

With the Curiosity rover getting all of the attention these days, it was only a matter of time before the older Opportunity rover would pull a stunt to let us know she is still there (unlike her sister, Spirit, who is no longer functioning).  The two photos above are 12 days apart as Opportunity explores the Murray Ridge on the rim of Endeavour Crater (see bottom image).  Within that time a new rock appeared on the surface.

CNN and others were quick to report on a doughnut-sized rock that mysteriously appeared on the surface of Mars. The most likely explanation is that Opportunity kicked up the rock while traveling about.  But theories will always abound.  My theory is that Opportunity was getting a little lonely and wanted to let us know she is still working hard after all these years.

Luckily, NASA will hold a press conference later today to discuss the 10 year anniversary of the Opportunity mission on Mars.  The rover arrived on January 24, 2004.  Maybe that was all Opportunity really needed - a little appreciation. 

Note: For more images from Opportunity, visit the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

Update:  And now, another cry for attention.  For some odd reason, someone is now suing NASA over the presumably dislodged rock.  A private citizen, Rhawn Joseph, filed a petition January 27th in U.S. District Court in northern California.  In his petition, Mr. Joseph stated,

Any intelligent adult, adolescent, child, chimpanzee, monkey, dog or rodent with even a modicum of curiosity would approach, investigate and closely examine a bowl-shaped structure which appears just a few feet in front of them when 12 days earlier they hadn't noticed it...But not NASA and its rover team who have refused to take even a single close-up photo. 

An interesting approach to science.  And you too still have time to sue NASA for all of the craters and rocks missed by the Apollo crews during their Moon visits many decades ago.  I do not believe there is a statute of limitations on craziness.  

NOVA: A Story About Exoplanets

Earlier this month PBS's NOVA had an good program on exoplanets called Alien Planets Revealed.  You can still view the show on NOVA's website, and here is a quick summary from that same site:

It’s a golden age for planet hunters: NASA's Kepler mission has identified more than 3,500 potential planets orbiting stars beyond our Sun. Some of them, like a planet called Kepler-22b, might even be able to harbor life. How did we come upon this distant planet? Combining startling animation with input from expert astrophysicists and astrobiologists, “Alien Planets Revealed” takes viewers on a journey along with the Kepler telescope. How does the telescope look for planets? How many of these planets are like our Earth? Will any of these planets be suitable for life as we know it? Bringing the creative power of veteran animators together with the latest discoveries in planet-hunting, “Alien Planets Revealed” shows the successes of the Kepler mission, taking us to planets beyond our solar system and providing a glimpse of creatures we might one day encounter.

Sadly, the Kepler space telescope is no longer searching the heavens after a mechanical failure in May 2103, but the wealth of information that it provided between 2009 and 2013 will keep scientists busy for many years to come.  The NOVA program discusses some of the finding, including Kepler 62F, the first promising earth-like planet to be discovered (see NASA artist concept below).  Kepler 62F is about 1,200 lights years away and the program makes it clear that it would take "many million years" for us to get there with our current spacecraft.  Given NASA cannot get a budget one year out, it is unlikely this Congress will be contemplating such missions (though I still vote we send a CODEL - or congressional delegation - on the mission anyway).  

The NOVA program also discusses how about 75 percent of the stars in the galaxy are red dwarves, which means the nature of life around other suns may be quite different from ours based on the light received on the surface of the exoplanets.  Some of the ideas about flora and fauna on these red dwarf exoplanets was pretty interesting. 

Another discussion point was how our own planet's life was nothing but microbes for billions of years, and therefore this is what we should probably suspect in terms of "life" on these exoplanets if there is life at all.  And the idea that intelligent life would evolve on such exoplanets is not a given.  NOVA uses the shark as an example of non-intelligent life staying pretty much the same over 400 million years.  Hence, life may be abundant in the universe without much or any of it being intelligent or at a stage of intelligence that can communicate with us.

After all of that, the program still leaves us with the point that one out of every six stars in our galaxy has an Earth-sized planet orbiting it, which puts the number of Earth-sized planets at about 17 billion for the Milky Way.  That gives us plenty of exoplanets to explore even with all the caveats above. 

Top Image Credit:  Exoplanet Eclipse/Bill Lile, quoted from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/blile59/313907609